Task Centered And Crisis Intervention Evaluation Social Work Essay Essays

Task Centered And Crisis Intervention Evaluation Social Work Essay Essays Task Centered And Crisis Intervention Evaluation Social Work Essay Essay Task Centered And Crisis Intervention Evaluation Social Work Essay Essay Choose a societal work intercession, measure its theoretical roots and influences and compare it to at least one other attack. Describe briefly how you would use your chosen attack in work with a service user or carer group and measure its effectivity. Use at least one piece of research to inform your rating. You will necessitate to show the ability to observe, understand and measure potency for favoritism by and large with peculiar accent on two specific countries. This paper will measure the theoretical roots and influences of two psychological societal work intercession theories task-centred and crisis intercession. They will be applied to pattern with a kids and household scene. The possible for each intercession to know apart on the evidences of age and race will be demonstrated and evaluated. Both theories will be contrasted and evaluated in footings of their strengths, failings and effectivity, by usage of informed literature and research. Theories can supply societal workers with a safe base to research state of affairss and understand complex human behavior ( Coulshed and Orme 2006 ) . Used sagely, they can advance effectual, anti-oppressive pattern ( Wilson 2008 ) . Theory underpins the societal work grade ( Coulshed and Orme ) and the turning accent on evidence-based pattern ensures theory is at the bosom of the profession ( Corby 2006 ) . The most important theory within societal work is Freud s psychodynamic theory ( Daniel 2008 ) . Payne ( 2007:80 ) goes say far every bit to propose that psychodynamic work is societal work . It was the original theory societal workers drew upon to understand complex human behavior ( Coulshed and Orme 2006 ) . It is besides the theory from which many others have been developed or as Payne ( 2005 ) suggests, opposed. For these grounds, it can be hard to understand other theories without cognition of psychodynamic ( QUOTE, QUOTE ) . Psychodynamic is a major underpinning base of crisis intercession, more specifically, ego psychological science, developmental psychological science, and cognitive behavioral attacks and systems theory ( McGinnis 2009 ) . These theories provide an apprehension of the peculiar psychological feature of people in such state of affairss ( Beckett 2006, p110 ) . By contrast, task-centred was established within societal work. Steming specifically, from Reid and Shyne s ( 1969 ) research into the profession ( McColgan ( Lindsay ed. ) 2010 ) . Reid and Shyne claim the roots and influences of task-centred were non derived or borrowed from any other subject ( Parker and Bradley, 2010 ; Watson and West, 2006 ) . Therefore, Trevithick ( 2005 ) suggests task-centred should be referred to as a work or pattern , instead than an attack. However, many authors contest this, including Doel ( 2009 ) and Marsh ( 2008 ) who assert association lies with behavioral and problem-solving attacks to societal work. On contemplation there are blunt similarities between problem-solving tool and behavioral. Task-centred is basically a problem-solving tool, furthermore itaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ Crisis intercession was developed by Caplan from Lindeman and Caplan s work into loss and heartache ( QUOTE ) . It is non a individual theoretical account in the manner that task-centred casework is a individual theoretical account, but instead a group of theoretical accounts for short-run work with people at points of acute crisis ( Beckett 2006, p110 ) . A crisis is a precipitating risky event which is meaningful or endangering to oneself ( Payne 2005:104 ) . Crisiss are frequently caused by sudden loss or alteration ( McGinnis 2010:39 ) . However, it is non the event that defines a crisis, but instead the service user s perceptual experience and emotional reading ( Parker and Bradley 2010 ) . What may show a crisis for one may be considered a challenge for another because people have different life experiences, cultural backgrounds, get bying schemes and degrees of resiliency. Crisiss can be predicable, as in Erikson s psychosocial theoretical account ( which views developmental struggles as portion of the life class ) , or unpredictable crises which can non be foreseen for case, a natural catastrophe, sick wellness and poorness or even a burglary ( Hamer 2006 ) ( ONLINE ) . Crisiss cut down the psychological header ability by disputing the homeostasis ( normal equilibrium ) ( Thompson 1991 ) . When 1 s usual header resources are unsuccessful in reacting to their job and they can non follow alternate internal schemes or happen another manner to get by, they are likely to happen themselves in crisis ( Hamer 2006 ) . Caplan argued, that people act as self-acting systems ( Trevithick 2005:267 ) , in that they strive to retain homeostasis. He believed that in add-on to the occasional crises caused by unannounced events people experience developmental crisis throughout the life class. He farther argued that preventive work, offered at the clip of such developmental crises, might be effectual in cut downing symptoms of psychiatric unwellness ( Wilson et al. 2008: 361 ) . Unsuccessfully single-minded crises can take to psychologically disabling experiences such as arrested development, mental unwellness, feelings of hopefulness and insufficiency, or destructive action ( Wilson et al. 2008:362 ) . Equally, crises can stir up pent-up feelings ( Coulshed and Orme 2006 ) . For illustration, a matrimony dislocation may reactivate pent-up feelings of rejection and loss from being taken into attention as a kid. This can add to the sense of feeling overwhelmed and overburdened ( a double dosage ) ( Coulshed and Orme 2006:135 ) . While this may supply the chance to turn to a pent-up event, the more unsolved crises one has, the more vulnerable they are to future crises ( Hamer 2006 ) . Similarly, if unhelpful get bying mechanisms are employed during a crisis, this has the possible to make another crisis ( Watson and West 2006 ) . Crisiss produce biological emphasis responses whereby the battle or flight mechanism is activated . CHINESE MODEL This energy can be fuelled into developing new get bying schemes and resiliency for now and the hereafter ( Thompson 1991, p20 ) . Thompson ( 1991:10 mentioning Caplan 1961 ) uses to his three phase theoretical account to understand the features of a crisis. The impact phase is ephemeral and characterised by emphasis and confusion where the event can look unreal. The 2nd is the kick phase . This is characterised by disorganization and strength of emotion . For illustration, emotions can be directed externally ( choler ) , internally ( guilt ) or both at the same time. There may be psychical symptoms every bit good such as, weariness, concerns ( and ) tummy upset . The concluding phase is adjustment and adaptation . Crisiss take on mean four to eight hebdomads to decide and it is during this concluding period that a crisis can be resolved as a discovery or dislocation ( Thompson 1991:10 ) . If unhelpful get bying mechanisms are used during this phase, they have the possible to make another crisis ( Watson and West 2006 ) . As such, skilled crisis intercession during this clip can take to a discover y ( Thompson 1991:10 ) . For application to pattern, Roberts 2000 cited in Wilson et al 2008:366 Uses a seven phase theoretical account: Assess hazard A ; safety of service user Establish resonance and appropriate communicating Identify and specify major jobs Deal with feelings and supply support Explore possible alternate responses Formulate action program Provide follow up service IN APP: Try to happen trigger but do nt acquire lost in it What is go oning to them? How do they usually cope internally/externally? Do they utilize merely psychological or societal and community resources to good consequence? Opp to assist back to homeo but besides to better Min danger enhance hazard Mobilise support system advocator Calm, reassure, resonance, involvement Develop new techs of get bying thro guidance Remember individual unfastened for limited period Get SU to put ends give beginning and sense of control Short term incremental to construct assurance and new acquisition Do nt put up for failure If utilizing the illustration given above, the state of affairs does non represent a crisis, but instead a series of/or big job, task-centred can be utilised to turn to these. Task-centred pattern involves five structured stairss which are indispensable to its effectivity ( HOWE BOOK ) : The first measure is for the societal worker to understand the jobs faced, the methods used to react to the job and the preferable state of affairs. These are defined and expressed by the service user ( Thompson, 2005 ) . Anna expresses she is experiencing low since the recent birth of her boy, she is disquieted she does non hold the natural mothering ability and can non retrieve the last clip she last had an grownup conversation. She does nt cognize where to turn for aid. The societal worker explores cultural and structural XXXXX it becomes clear that Anna can non state her household how she is experiencing because it is frowned upon by her civilization. She would love to experience happy and in control once more. Using feminist perspectiveaˆÂ ¦.. Her cultureaˆÂ ¦.. AgeaˆÂ ¦.. During the following phase the societal worker encourages Anna to prioritize which parts of the jobs she would wish to work on first. With support she breaks the job down in manageable balls. This procedure helps Anna to see that her job is non unsurmountable ; it gives her hope and a focal point. It is indispensable during this clip that the societal worker remains empathic and physiques Anna hopes. The undermentioned phase is based upon dialogue in partnership. Together, Anna and societal worker hold a upper limit of three jobs for coveted alteration. Each end must be specific, mensurable, accomplishable, realistic and time-bound ( Doel AND WHO YEAR p36 ) to guarantee Anna is non set for failure. The first of undertaking might be for Anna will see the local Children s Centre following hebdomad to happen out what services they offer. The 2nd measure could be go toing a session as the Children s Centre. A timeline for the undertakings ( normally 12 hebdomadal Sessionss ) , together with understanding of who will finish which undertakings will organize a written contract, signed by both parties. The agreed contract is implemented and monitored until rating or expiration. This allows for flexibleness should this be required ( such as extension of clip or reorganization of jobs ) . Anti-oppressive pattern lies at its nucleus of task-centred and the values of societal work pattern are integrated. Partnership working promotes societal justness and seeks to cut down the power instability between worker and service user. Thompson ( 2007, p50 ) agrees saying user engagement and partnership working are portion of a political committedness to advancing societal justness, societal inclusion and equality. These facets are farther supported by the British Association of Codes of Practice, Codes of Ethics for Social Work ( DATE ) ( 24 October 2010 ) . The publicity of pick for service users by their ain designation of the job and prioritisation of their ends empowers. It besides views the service as an expert in their state of affairs. The nature of interrupting down jobs ( frequently considered unsurmountable ) builds a sense of hope for service users to get the better of them ( QUOTE ) The simpleness of the theoretical account means it is easy to understand and use and enables service user to utilize it for future job resolution ( Doel and Marsh 1995 ) . This builds resiliency and empowers service users. The theoretical account recognises and physiques upon service users strengths because it considers they have the personal resources to work out their jobs with limited support. This empowers by enabling service users to take control and ownership ( McColgan, ( Lindsay ed. ) 2010 ) . A contract provides transparence and lucidity. It places the focal point on the job, instead than the person. It besides allows for flexibleness for the degree or continuance of support to be increased or ends to be reorganised. Because the theoretical account is time-limited it decreases the hazard of dependence and creates motive to react to undertakings ( Doel AND WHO, DATE, p36 ) . The successful completion of undertakings, lead to personal growing of the service user, in footings of assurance and self-pride for now and for the hereafter. For the worker and bureau it offers a clip and cost effectual intercession. It besides saves on future resources by constructing service users to work out their ain jobs in the hereafter. A note of cautiousness is that it would be oppressive and uneffective if used with service users with limited cognitive operation ( such as hapless mental wellness, larning disablement or dementedness ) . The theoretical account is besides incompatible where there are complex underlying issues because it can non turn to them. Additionally, it may non see structural subjugation such as category, poorness, sick wellness, gender or racial subjugation. Because of the nature of partnership, service users need to be willing to take part for the theoretical account to be effectual ( Trevithick 2005 ) . A written, signed contract may promote a power instability between societal worker and service user, puting the societal worker as the expert. Marsh ( Davies ed. 2008 ) warns that while task-centred pattern may be the most popular theory among societal work pupils, possibly owing to its simpleness. The quality of its application is frequently undermined. Many believing they are transporting out task-centred pattern work, when really they are non. Page 121 BBB In using crisis intercession the societal worker must set up a resonance with Anna utilizing accomplishments of empathy and active hearing, while besides measuring the hazard of injury to Anna and her kid ( Mc Ginnis 2010 ) . Importance should besides be given to the non-verbal communicating of the service user. Anna should be supported in researching the job ( the aim facts ) and her emotional response to the job ( the subjective ) ( Beckett 2006 ) . The societal worker can help by inquiring sensitive unfastened inquiries ( to guarantee it remains Anna s narrative ) and reacting by demoing credence. McGinnis ( 2010, p45 ) claims demoing credence is cardinal to effectual relationship edifice . It can besides advance anti-oppressive pattern and societal justness by non judging the service user. The information collected should concentrate upon the here and now, although the yesteryear should be acknowledged. The societal worker should happen out the efforts Anna has made to react to her job, while at the same clip reassuring Anna. McGinnis ( 2010:45 ) suggests accomplishing reassurance by gently reframe ( ing ) the client s perceptual experience of ego and events into a more realistic apprehension of the state of affairs . Therefore, the societal worker could state I imagine you feel stray ; It sounds as if you have had a batch to get by with one you own . Empathy should be shown the full intercession by the societal worker, by usage of lexis and non-verbal communicating. If the service user is assessed as being in crisis the societal worker can explicate the construct of crisis intercession and agree the nature of the work to be carried out. Arguably crisis intercession is besides anti-oppressive. It seeks to consequence positive alteration in behavior now and for the hereafter, through the edifice of resiliency and get bying mechanisms. It can besides let go of service users from their yesteryear by turn toing pent-up issues. All of which consequences in authorization of service user. Empowerment is a aˆÂ ¦ . of the GSCC Codes of Practice QUOTE Integrates with codifications of pattern WHAT CODES Active hearing and empathy Crisis intercession provides a safe construction of intercession for societal worker, service user and usage by voluntary bureaus in add-on to statutory. Quotation mark The clip limited nature is anti-oppressive because it reduces the hazard of dependence for the service user. Additionally, it provides an economical intercession for the societal worker and bureau. This is supported by research undertaken by the NCHaˆÂ ¦ . ( QUOTE ) Factors such as single civilization, values, gender, race, category and age can be taken into history because the service user is the expert and specify their ain experience. ( QUOTE ) Crisis intercession can be applied to many state of affairss, viz. , predictable crises in line with Erikson s self-importance psychological science theoretical account and unpredictable crises. ( QUOTE ) Conversely, there are many unfavorable judgments. The service user must be committed to working with the societal worker to consequence alteration ( QUOTE ) The very nature of the word crisis can take to the theory being used inappropriatelyaˆÂ ¦.. southwest may presume su in crisis due to event There is an instability in the power moral force between societal worker and service user because of the vulnerable nature of the service due to the crises. Furthermore, the societal work is considered the expert. This can go forth room for unethical behavior on the societal workers portion ( QUOTE ) As crisis is ephemeral, many societal work bureaus may non be able to react fast adequate to take full advantage of this window ( Wilson et al. 2008 ) . KEYWORD the brevity of the intercession may non be long plenty to decide a service users issues to the full ( QUOTE ) Research suggests that people respond to crises otherwise and at changing velocities, due to age, civilization and cognitive damages. Thus the theoretical account may necessitate to be adapted to accommodate the service user and the state of affairs, although, version may render it insecure for pattern ( Wilson et al 2008 ) . The theory involves active hearing and empathy on behalf of the societal worker. As the intercession involves usage of active hearing and empathy on behalf of the societal worker, this may arouse many emotions. The societal worker must stay empathic and professional with an consciousness of ego. Supervision besides vital for the societal workeraˆÂ ¦ . QUOTE For the service user the nature of the intercession can be intrusive QUOTE Crisis intercession is besides criticised as being Eurocentric. Ignoring different traditions and civilizations and being concerned merely with repairing the job every bit rapidly as possible ( Wilson et al. 2008 ) . This can take to oppressive pattern. Quote In decision Psychodynamic as discussed, was the theory of the twenty-four hours. It provided harmonizing to Howe ( 2009 ) , complex, inefficient, open-ended intercession. In comparing, task-centred offered an effectual, merely structured, easy to understand, time-limited attack, which dealt with the here and now ( Howe, 2009 ) . Reid and Shyne s concluded through their research, that short-run intercession was effectual ( Trevithick 2005 ) , and that problem-solving was more likely to be successful if a deadline was in topographic point ( Marsh Davies erectile dysfunction. 2008 ) . ingredients of a crisis reaction can non be identified, i Summary While both intercessions are suited for differing state of affairss, there are several similarities. Both are individualistic-reformist in that neither genuinely addresses societal alteration. Both have the possible to suppress and know apart, but this can be overcome if appraisals are sensitive to anti-oppressive pattern ( Wilson et al. 2008:366 ) . They are both time-limited. Payne ( 2005:105 ) citing James and Gilliland ( 2001 ) intents there are three crisis intercession theoretical accounts: The equilibrium theoretical account Caplan s ( 1965 ) original attack. Persons are seen as sing disequilibrium. The focal point is upon return them to equilibrium enabling them to react efficaciously to their jobs. Second, The cognitive theoretical account Associated with Roberts ( 2000 ) Ego psychological science developed by Erikson, views the class of life as a series mileposts through which conflicts occur. Developmental psychological science considers early experiences form personalities in maturity. ( Daniel ed-Davies 2008 ) ; cognitive behavioral attacks and systems theory ( McGinnis 2009:37 ) . 3.3 Strengths ( pay attending to AOP and values ) Time limited reduces hazard of dependence In line with codifications of pattern WHAT CODES SU more unfastened to assist and alter at a clip of crisis ( for a limited period )